During the 12th and 13th centuries, armies of the Ghibelline communes usually adopted the war banner of the Holy Roman Empire—white cross on a red field—as their own. Guelph armies usually reversed the colors—red cross on white. These two schemes are prevalent in the civic heraldry of northern Italian towns and remain a revealing indicator of their past factional leanings.

  1.  Coat of arms of Pavia with Ghibelline Cross
  2.  Coat of arms of Milan with Guelph Cross
  3.  Coat of arms of an Italian family with Ghibelline-style heraldic chief at top
  4.  Coat of arms of the Roberti family of Reggio, with Guelph-style heraldic chief at top

Source: Wikipedia

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    The head at the top of the Pavia arms is kind of creepy.
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    i miss learning this stuffffffff
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